More than a quarter of the world’s population is between the ages of 10 and 24 years—and in some parts of the global South the proportion is two thirds or higher. This is a generation caught between biology and society—between curiosity, questions and concerns about their emerging sexual and reproductive selves and the controls, constraints and conditions imposed by laws, policies and community practices.

On the sidelines of the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AIDS, a group of young activists, government representatives and experts came together in a virtual event on 10 June to discuss the Facts of Life: Youth, Sexuality and HIV.

The meeting, co-hosted by UNAIDS and the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), brought home the urgency of action. Nearly half of all new HIV infections worldwide occur among young people aged 15 to 24 years, with young women being twice as likely to become infected. Globally, AIDS-related illnesses are the second leading cause of death among young people (aged 10–24 years) and the most common cause of mortality of young people in Africa.

The new Global AIDS Strategy 2021–2026 highlights the urgent need to empower young people to build today’s and lead tomorrow’s HIV response—for themselves and their communities. Nipun Srivastava, a young HIV activist from India, pointed to the challenges ahead. “We have an ambitious target to end AIDS by 2030, but it is not achievable with these regressive policies on sex and sexuality. We lost a lot of people in the 1980s and 1990s because we didn’t talk about sex. We need to stop talking about cows’ and goats’ and bees’ reproduction and speak about sex.”

Efforts to help young people reach their potential in public life need to be mirrored in their private, intimate lives. Alvaro Bermejo, the Director-General of IPPF, emphasized the connection between the physical and emotional well-being of adolescents (including those living with HIV)—and their societies—and access to accurate, age-appropriate sexual and reproductive information and services, allowing them to avoid unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion, sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, and all forms of sexual violence and coercion.

And yet, young people’s sexual and reproductive health and rights remain highly controversial. “Case-in-point is the High-Level Meeting on AIDS itself,” said Shereen El Feki, the Director of the UNAIDS Regional Support Team for the Middle East and North Africa. “Some of the most contentious negotiations, and pushback from Member States, on the United Nations Political Declaration on AIDS was on sexual and reproductive health and rights and comprehensive sexuality education.” 

The participants heard that the same governments praised for initiatives on young people’s employment or civic engagement often founder when trying to bring the same spirit of youth empowerment to access to youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health and rights services or sexuality education. Amery Browne, the Minister of Foreign and CARICOM Affairs for Trinidad and Tobago, spoke about the delicate act that governments face in balancing conservative forces and youth voices, and urged those working for greater openness to continue their struggle.

Among them is Nadia Abdalla, the Chief Administrative Secretary at the Ministry of ICT, Innovation and Youth in Kenya. A young person herself, she spoke about her country’s efforts to help young people to organize and mobilize for their intimate rights, including their ability to prevent, or live with, HIV. Half-a-world away, sexual and reproductive health and rights activist Ponny White described her work with Advocates for Youth, a nongovernmental organization in the United States of America that lobbies state governments for legal reform to enable young people to access their full sexual and reproductive rights. “A lot of young people are experiencing sexual encounters they don’t understand because someone else is introducing it to them,” she warned, “We want to equip young people with tools and education so they can be autonomous and living a fulfilling life.”

The Internet is one such tool of empowerment. Abir Sarras, the co-founder of Love Matters Arabic, a pioneering social media platform reaching millions of young people across the Middle East and North Africa, pointed to the importance of sex-positive messaging—emphasizing the pleasures, rather than just the problems, associated with sex—as a key means of communicating with young people. But not all young people yet have access to such online resources—Stefania Gianinni, the Director-General for Education at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, described the successes and setbacks faced in implementing the United Nations guidance on comprehensive sexuality education in school curricula. “There is no knowledge pill we can give young people,” she said. “But education, hand in hand with access to youth-friendly services, is the most powerful tool for ending AIDS as a public health threat and giving rights to the new generations.”

Mayors from four cities, together with a representative of civil society and the core partners of the Fast-Track cities initiative—UNAIDS, the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (IAPAC), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and the city of Paris—participated in a virtual side event on urban settings on 10 June, held during the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AIDS.

The participants reflected on the progress made in urban HIV responses and disruptions related to COVID-19, the importance of sustained political leadership and commitment during public health crises and the critical role of communities in strengthening HIV and other health services.

“A Fast-Track city is a city embracing human rights and advocating for more equality and freedom. The freedom to be true to yourself, to live where you want, to live free of prejudice, and with equal chance to stay healthy,” said the Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, in her opening address.

In her message, Maimunah Mohd Sharif, the Executive Director of UN‐Habitat, highlighted that, “Reducing inequalities is central to both UN-Habitat’s mission broadly and to ending urban HIV epidemics given the unacceptable disparities we see with respect to HIV among sexual and ethnic minorities, including the LGBTQ+ populations, migrants and refugees, and other marginalized populations, such as those in slums and informal settlements.”

Sibongile Tshabalala, the national Chairperson of the Treatment Action Campaign in South Africa, emphasized the importance of community leadership if we want to end AIDS, and called for communities to be at the centre of the HIV response within the context of ending social marginalization and health inequalities.

Attending mayors from Baton Rouge, Johannesburg, Kyiv and Quezon City presented their experiences in exercising public health leadership in HIV responses at the city level and in mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many cities have made significant progress in accelerating their urban HIV responses since the beginning of the Fast-Track cities initiative on World AIDS Day 2014. In Kyiv, for example, according to national data the percentage of people who know their HIV status and are on antiretroviral therapy rose from less than 50% in 2015 to 83% in 2019, with 95% of those being virally suppressed. In Paris, according to national data the number of new HIV infections dropped by 16% between 2015 and 2018. And in Johannesburg, a targeted testing approach during the COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in the percentage of people living with HIV knowing their status, from 86% in March 2020 to 91% in 2021, according to national data.

Maria Josefina Belmonte, the Mayor of Quezon City, called on mayors to use the “Power and resources at their disposal towards the common good, including eradicating HIV and addressing issues that others are afraid to address because they are controversial or they may not be acceptable or not be politically sound.” She added that, “It is every person’s right to live freely, humanely and justly in the world they were born in and it is our duty as mayors elected by the people to make that happen for them.”

The moderator of the event, IAPAC President/Chief Executive Officer José M. Zuniga, recognized the progress made by Fast-Track cities, even within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. “City public health leadership is translating into countless lives saved and enhanced, including as Fast-Track cities grapple with an emerging COVID-19 pandemic and simultaneously work to maintain a continuity of HIV and other essential health services for all of their citizens,” he said.

In many cities, the 90–90–90 targets for 2020 were not achieved, partly because of COVID-19-related disruptions, but also due to persistent inequalities and social exclusion. A prioritization of social enablers is therefore required to regain momentum against HIV across the Fast-Track cities network.

In her closing statement, Winnie Byanyima, the UNAIDS Executive Director, called on cities and municipalities around the world to recommit to accelerated urban HIV responses, to exercise public health leadership to achieve the 2025 targets, to end inequalities and social exclusion and to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.

Communities living with and affected by HIV, including communities of key populations, are the backbone of the HIV response. They have campaigned for their rights, expanded the evidence base for effective action against HIV, supported the design and implementation of programmes and enhanced the reach and quality of health services. They ensured that the greater involvement of people living with HIV principle became an organizing norm for HIV programmes and that rights-based approaches were widely adopted.

A panel, Putting People and Communities at the Centre of the Response to AIDS, held on the sidelines of the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AIDS on 9 June, saw a high-level discussion on the opportunities and challenges for moving towards the global AIDS targets and realizing the political commitments and policy adaptations needed to support community-led responses as the world moves towards ending AIDS by 2030, and does so in the context of COVID-19.

The panel discussed supporting key population-led, women-led and other community-led responses, new priorities emerging from the community-led response to COVID-19 and fair payment for the community workforce, in particular for women living with HIV and women from key and vulnerable populations.

The panellists heard that more than three decades of experience has clearly shown that communities are at the centre of efforts to end AIDS as a public health threat, but their significant contribution is too often set aside or made more difficult by politicians or public health officials who have little or no knowledge of the lives and experiences of the people they are charged to serve.

They also heard that the response to the COVID-19 pandemic has further underscored the importance of communities in navigating difficult and rapidly changing environments and in reaching affected communities with essential services, such as COVID-19 testing and vaccination and HIV prevention, testing and treatment and other health and social services.

During their discussions, all panellists stressed that communities can deliver when there is an enabling legal environment, operating space for civil society organizations and funding and capacity-building.

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A panel that met on the sidelines of the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AIDS, Addressing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the AIDS Response and Building Back Better for Pandemic Preparedness, examined how the responses to HIV and COVID-19 can contribute to building multisectoral preparedness and response systems through providing concrete examples of innovations and policy and structural changes introduced in the context of COVID-19.

The panellists, comprising leaders, experts and representatives of community organizations and networks of affected people, addressed how to improve pandemic preparedness and response, and health-care systems more broadly, in the pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals.

The speakers shared ideas and recommendations to help mobilize political leadership, solidarity and support for ending AIDS by 2030 and for stronger pandemic preparedness for the future. They went on to look at how innovation and technology can address the bottlenecks to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 (good health and well-being) through digital health infrastructure and agile, differentiated delivery models. The panellists also addressed the importance of community-led responses in delivering health for all, and reflected on the importance of across- and within-country solidarity in ensuring equitable access to health and socioeconomic support.

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On 10 June, representatives of the United Nations, Member States, young women’s movements and civil society laid out strategic pathways for advancing gender justice and women’s rights and agency at a thematic panel, Advancing Gender Equality and Empowering Women and Girls in the AIDS Response, held during the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AIDS.

Despite significant progress in the HIV response, the epidemic continues to take a heavy toll on women and girls. This was an opportunity to reflect on the realities of women and girls in all their diversity in the context of the HIV response and to share forward-looking recommendations on gender equality.

The event came on the heels of a new global pledge by world leaders to reduce the annual number of new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths, eliminate new HIV infections among children, end paediatric AIDS and eliminate all forms of HIV-related discrimination by 2025. Governments missed the targets made in 2016 to reduce the number of adolescent girls and young women aged 15–24 years becoming newly infected with HIV to 100 000 per year by 2020.

Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, the Executive Director of UN Women, noted the enormous work yet to be done, especially with the challenging convergence of gender-based violence, COVID-19 and HIV, with increased levels of violence against women and girls during lockdowns, spiking by up to 500% in some countries.

Nadine Gasman, President of the National Institute for Women, Mexico, shared best practices from Mexico, where municipal authorities and civil society have worked together to improve access to comprehensive quality HIV services for left-behind populations, such as transgender people, and integrated HIV and sexual and reproductive health services for women living with HIV as well as for gay men and other men who have sex with men and people who inject drugs.

The panel noted that many women, girls and gender-diverse communities at higher risk of and living with HIV are being left behind in HIV testing, treatment and care services. Women and girls continue to face intersecting forms of discrimination, stigma, violence and criminalization.

Particular concern was raised about adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa, who remain at intolerably high risk of HIV. In 2020, six in seven new cases of HIV among adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 years in the region were among girls. The participants stressed the importance of leveraging education, particularly girls’ completion of quality secondary education, as a powerful entry point for accelerating HIV prevention, gender equality, an inclusive environment free of stereotypes, economic empowerment and preventing gender-based violence.

Education Plus, a bold new initiative co-led by the heads of UNAIDS, UN Women, the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund that is calling for high-level political action for the empowerment of young women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa to urgently reduce HIV was hailed as a timely and much needed response. Many emphasized the need to put gender justice at the heart of the HIV response and the sustained meaningful engagement and inclusion of adolescent girls and young women in decision-making at all levels.

The calls to action stressed the importance of scaling up investments in gender-transformative interventions and support for young people’s movements and leadership in the HIV response, legal and policy reforms in parental consent requirements that undermine the right to health of adolescents, the protection of the sexual and reproductive health and rights of all women and adolescent girls and urgently scaling up comprehensive HIV prevention programmes as well as engaging men and boys in transforming harmful gender norms and promoting positive masculinities.

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NEW YORK/GENEVA, 14 June 2021—After weeks of robust discussions, the 2021 United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on AIDS is drawing to a close with the adoption of a new, ambitious and achievable Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Ending Inequalities and Getting on Track to End AIDS by 2030. The declaration is based on evidence, grounded in human rights and will serve as an important road map to advance the global HIV response over the next five years.

“I would like to thank all Member States,” said Winnie Byanyima, Executive Director of UNAIDS. “Over the past two months they have drafted, negotiated and delivered a bold political declaration that will guide global efforts to end a pandemic that has ravaged countries and communities for 40 years.”

Important advances have been achieved in the 2021 political declaration, including new targets to ensure that 95% of people at risk of HIV use combination HIV prevention services, a greater emphasis on community-led provision of services—including a target to ensure that 80% of prevention services for key populations are provided by communities—and a commitment to end inequalities, going far beyond Sustainable Development Goal 10, reduce inequalities.

The High-Level Meeting on AIDS was convened by the President of the General Assembly, with the co-facilitators—the ambassadors of Australia and Namibia—leading negotiations on the political declaration; 193 Member States were represented and the speakers included 14 presidents, five vice-presidents and four prime ministers, with many high-level dignitaries also participating in the thematic panels and 30 supporting events. The events covered issues from how to increase treatment coverage for children to how to scale up harm reduction and empower young people and adolescents.

The five thematic panels were:

• Addressing Inequalities to End AIDS: 10 Years to 2030.
• Putting People and Communities at the Centre of the Response to AIDS.
• Resources and Funding for an Effective AIDS Response.
• Advancing Gender Equality and Empowering Women and Girls in the AIDS Response.
• Addressing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the AIDS Response and Building Back Better for Pandemic Preparedness.

The High-Level Meeting on AIDS featured the participation of people living with HIV, senior United Nations officials, representatives of international organizations, the private sector, civil society and academia and other stakeholders, who discussed practical ways of translating the new political declaration into action and results.

Eminent person and long-time AIDS activist Sir Elton John, founder of the Elton John AIDS Foundation, made a strong call to action by video message, saying, “With your leadership, we can defeat AIDS and COVID-19 and be better prepared for other pandemics that will follow. You can and will make the difference. And you have an army of supporters standing behind you, including the 38 million people living with HIV around the world. Together, we can bring an end to fear and inequality—and, by the end of this decade, end the AIDS pandemic, once and for all! The world is watching and we don’t have a moment to waste.”

UNAIDS

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) leads and inspires the world to achieve its shared vision of zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths. UNAIDS unites the efforts of 11 UN organizations—UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women, ILO, UNESCO, WHO and the World Bank—and works closely with global and national partners towards ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Learn more at unaids.org and connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube.

Forty years into the HIV epidemic, despite there being a range of HIV prevention interventions, none of the recommended HIV prevention packages have come close to being delivered to half of the people who need them.

But there have been successes in reducing new HIV infections among the most vulnerable populations where rights-based multisectoral action has been taken, where data-driven solutions have been promoted and resourced and where the voices and contributions of the most affected communities have been leveraged.

On the sidelines of the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AIDS, a side event, No Prevention, No End: The Importance of Leadership for HIV Prevention, saw the participants—political, technical and community leaders and donors—address the gaps in HIV prevention, discuss the most effective ways to invest in and develop HIV prevention programmes and share experiences of successful country-level action.

Nguyễn Thanh Long, the Minister of Health of Viet Nam, shared an example. A threefold decrease in HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs in Viet Nam was principally a result, he said, of considering drug addiction as a medical condition requiring treatment and not as a crime. Introducing this perception into legal policy documents, including the Government Decree and the Law on HIV/AIDS Control, enabled the initiation and scale-up of comprehensive harm reduction programmes for people who inject drugs.

Adolescent girls and young women account for one in four new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa, yet dedicated HIV prevention programmes are present in only a third of high HIV burden districts.  According to Pascalle Grotenhuis, the Dutch Ambassador for Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, who also drew on her experience as the Ambassador of the Netherlands to Mozambique, the time is ripe for pragmatism and common sense in strengthening sexual and reproductive health services for young people, with sexual health at the core, offering dual protection against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, and unwanted pregnancy. Above all, sexuality education for young people must be recognized as a life-saving intervention, she said. 

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COVID-19 continues to threaten the gains made in the HIV response and has brought inequalities to the forefront, but civil society and community-based organizations in Asia and the Pacific have been quick to respond to the pandemic. From the start, networks of people living with HIV and key populations responded to the global health crisis by coming up with innovative courses of action.

A side event organized on the margins of the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AIDS showcased best practices of community-led responses to COVID-19 and HIV prevention in Asia and the Pacific.

It was noted that, since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, key population networks have rapidly mobilized volunteers and partners to assist people affected by COVID-19, ensured the continuity of HIV services and found new ways to adapt to the new normal with online-based interventions.

For example, the Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers responded to the pandemic by modifying its existing programmes to meet the urgent needs of the sex worker community, such as by reallocating funds to subsidize transport costs for sex workers living with HIV to ensure their access to HIV treatment services.

Other regional networks, such as the Asia Pacific Transgender Network, the Asia Pacific Network of People Living with HIV and Youth LEAD, established emergency relief funds to provide emergency food supplies, housing and rent, transport, protective gear, including personal protective equipment, masks, sanitizer and sanitary products for the most affected communities.

In several countries, community-led organizations of people who use drugs delivered door-to-door provisions of antiretroviral therapy and harm reduction services, including opioid substitution therapy and sterile needles and syringes. These experiences have been compiled by the Asia Pacific Network of People who Use Drugs in a best practice report to advocate for the full and equal participation of people who use drugs within the HIV response.

The panellists also heard about the Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations, which in its national and community-led responses has been supporting community-based HIV testing, working directly with clinics run by the community for the community. Also, APCOM, a regional network for gay men and other men who have sex with men based in Bangkok, Thailand, implemented a condom promotion campaign during the COVID-19 pandemic, known as #PartyPacks, where key populations can order online (for free) packages containing condoms, lubricant and information on harm reduction.

The speakers agreed that service delivery needs to be modernized, domestic investment should be increased and services led by key populations should be integrated into national health systems.  

The panellists highlighted that dealing with the colliding pandemics of HIV and COVID-19 requires working in unison and solidarity.

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HIV is fuelled by inequalities. A panel, Addressing Inequalities to End AIDS: 10 Years to 2030, held on the sidelines of the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AIDS on 9 June, brought together a passionate mix of grass-roots activism and experience, academic wisdom, evidence-informed strategic guidance and experience from United Nations Member States and UNAIDS to discuss this urgent issue.

All the panellists underlined the need for urgent, evidence-informed and transformative action to unlock social enablers and to end the social, economic, racial and gender barriers—which include punitive laws, policies and practices, stigma and discrimination based on HIV status, sexual orientation and gender identity, and other human rights violations—that create and deepen the inequalities that perpetuate the HIV pandemic. They shared strategies and action for ending the HIV epidemic based on lived experience and backed by lessons from four decades of the HIV response.

The panellists underlined lessons from HIV and COVID-19 that have shown the world that unless all countries, communities and individuals access the benefits of science and technology without stigma and discrimination, benefit from fair taxation and equitable distribution of wealth and are respected in all their diversity, epidemics will continue to rage.

The participants heard that six out of seven new adolescent HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa are among girls—Winne Byanyima, the Executive Director of UNAIDS, noted that this was because of inequalities of power. The participants also heard, though, that strong political commitment to ensure that prevention services were available at the community level, with a special focus on reaching adolescent girls and young women and their partners, saw Eswatini successfully meet its HIV prevention targets.

Jeffrey Sachs, a professor at Columbia University, in the United States of America, reminded the participants that well laid out goals and time-bound and evidence-informed plans must be matched by adequate financing, without which poorer nations and poorer communities even within rich nations will not enjoy good health and well-being.

The powerful testimony of Abhina Aher, a transgender activist from India, spoke of the multiple, intersecting and dynamic inequalities faced by a person who does not conform to the social norms of mainstream Asian society.

Thanks @benphillips76 let’s unite to end inequalities #HLM2021AIDS #HLMAids2021 https://t.co/bhwY7nf0UZ

— Abhina Aher (@meisabheena) June 9, 2021

All the participants underlined the centrality of enabling laws and policies and of the need for comprehensive sexuality education to empower young people to make informed decisions about relationships and sexuality and navigate a world where gender-based violence, gender inequality, early and unintended pregnancies, and HIV and other sexually transmitted infections still pose serious risks to their health and well-being.

Interventions from representatives of the Bahamas, Germany, Mexico, Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland underlined the urgency of an HIV response that addresses gender inequalities and protects and enables human rights.

In summary, it was concluded that inequalities both feed and drive the HIV epidemic as well as other diseases, but that inequalities should be fought with the right policies, strategies and legislation in order to end AIDS by 2030 and at the same time strengthen pandemic preparedness. 

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The goal of putting the HIV response on a secure financial footing is a work in progress, with uneven results around the globe towards ensuring a sustainable, fully funded, effective, equitable and gender-sensitive HIV response. The 2020 target to mobilize at least US$ 26 billion for the HIV response was not met. Other targets, such as implementing efficiency measures to optimize the use of existing resources and to clear bottlenecks in scaling up services, were also missed.

A panel, Resources and Funding for an Effective AIDS Response, held on the sidelines of the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AIDS, deliberated on how to reach a sustainable, fully funded, equitable and effective HIV response in a challenging environment for health and development resources.

The panellists surveyed the current situation and key actions for the road ahead, addressing several questions: What does a sustainable, fully funded, equitable and effective HIV response look like? How can the necessary funding levels be secured in the challenging resource environment that we face? What steps can and should we take to improve the impact/effectiveness of the available resources? Are there opportunities that need to be better leveraged within the HIV response, the broader health agenda and the broader development agenda? How can we ensure that we invest in the right interventions for the right populations and places to meet the new global targets and achieve the collective goal of Sustainable Development Goal 3? 

Key actions identified by the panellists to guide future efforts include the following:

• Better targeting interventions to achieve equity and impact based on diverse and locally specific needs and goals.
• Approaches and measures to secure the necessary funding mixes, including ongoing international support and appropriate and sustainable domestic funding, and improved equity and efficiency in using those resources.
• Better integration of HIV into other health and development efforts, including universal health coverage, health system strengthening, pandemic preparedness and response and enablers, such as education and social protection, and to better link and leverage those efforts to maximize impact for people living with, at risk of or affected by HIV.
• The importance of ensuring that critical cross-cutting factors, such as gender-sensitivity, eliminating inequalities, leveraging data and prevention, are appropriately supported and integrated throughout.
• The need for shared responsibility, which calls for countries that can pay for their own responses to do so fully, and for those without the ability to pay, to be supported by donors as part of global solidarity.

The panel also examined how investments in the HIV response can help to reduce vulnerabilities and societal inequalities and how to catalyse more effective social spending using a rights-based, people-centred model that empowers individuals and communities. 

Finally, the panel situated the discussion in the broader development and fiscal contexts by exploring the economics of HIV, as well as how to tackle inequalities and use people-centred HIV responses to put us on track to reach Sustainable Development Goal 3. It addressed the costs of inaction and complacency, not only for the HIV response but also across the Sustainable Development Goals. Looking at fiscal realities, the panellists provided a broader analysis of the current situation and thoughts on the way forward for protecting and expanding the much-needed fiscal, budgetary and policy space through measures such as tackling public debt distress, tax injustice and illicit financial flows.

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